Hi there,
you can check in iTunes under PREFERENCES; DEVICES whether you have any backups stored on your computer. Also on the overview page of your iPhone (visible if your phone is connected to iTunes) the date and time of the last successful backup (local or iCloud) is listed.
To restore those text messages, if you do have a recent backup, either stored locally or within iCloud, restore your phone from that backup. However, this only makes sense, if the backup is not older than one day, more if the content of your phone does not change daily.
If no backup exists or an existing backup is too old, then those messages remain lost.
Hope this helps,