https://www.mpgh.net/forum/showthread.php?p=10675582 explains why it's stripped.
https://imgur.com/n8wwjW3,YZEGhPB,ZvJp7qG,burrBLe stripped account pics
looking to sell this for paypal/bitcoin/csgo skins only. you go first or we use an OMM.
skype: joseph.liu45