Well i will try to analyze the whole thing but i have to start somewhere right? So, i dont remember the details about cones and rods because i hate 10th grade biology but im a bit better at physics so i can try to analyze it like that: it is impossible to have an organite that perceives light and a separate organite that perceives color because color IS light.
Let me give you an example, lets take an apple for instance, we see the apple as RED because when light touches the apple, the apple absorbs all light EXCEPT red light, the apple reflects red light, the reflected red light goes to our eyes and we perceive the apple as red because the only light coming from the apple is red light.
Now, what i just said is about the light we can see, the visible spectrum, but there are may more light specters, like the infra-red, next to our red color, or ultra-violet, next to our violet color, like in this picture:
For example: bees can’t see red but can see ultra-violet. The usefulness of this becomes obvious when we learn that some flowers that we see as white, are perceived by the bee to include splashes of ultra-violet.
The ability to see ultra-violet is most common in fish, reptiles, birds, and insects. Most mammals have lost the ability to see ultraviolet light and lack the eye structure necessary to detect it (although some research suggests rats can see UV light).
Butterflies are thought to have the widest range, in terms of light they are able to perceive – some species of butterflies’ vision can range from near infra-red to UV. The markings that we already perceive as exotic and colourful, are even more so to the average butterfly.
HOWEVER, even if the butterfly, or shrimp, have the widest perception they still dont see in different colors. Like in this picture below:
Even if they see a bit of infra-red and a bit of UV that dosent mean they see more colors, IR andUV , as seen in the pic, are different shades of red and violet. If you are interested in how other light sperters look there are IR and UV cameras and you can find pics taken with these cameras on the web, so look it up.
So in the end it dosent matter if they have sixteen or sixteen thousand cones, the colors are all taken up.
END OF PART 1