General C++ Timeline Help

Okay, so at school I've already learned some Java and barely some Python; my teacher and my dad (an engineer) suggest me to start learning C++. Is there anything specific I should look to learn after I get over the basics (ex: arrays, scanning for Java, text file reading, etc) that would be useful in making actual things?

It entirely depends on what you want to make. For a beginner though language isn't extremely important, it's more getting yourself in the programmer mindset. Python is generally a good starting point because it's easy to learn, quick to prototype in. Don't let that fool you into thinking python is only for beginners though, lots of big companies use python as well.