The Complete C++ Guide

What Is C++?
C++ (pronounced "See plus plus") is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features.Read More...

What is C++ used for?
For big software projects that require high performances. Most major applications and games are made in C++.
Examples: Photoshop, Firefox, Winamp, Counter Strike...

Short list of C++ compilers:
For Windows:
MicrosoftVisual C++ Express
Borland C++ 5.5
Code Blocks
DevCPP
For Linux:
G++(contained in GCC which comes preinstalled in most distros)
Intel C++ (free for noncommercial use only)
For Mac OS X:
Apple C++
Xcode
GCC

Learn C++ Now
C++ text tutorials

Code:

http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/
 http://www.glenmccl.com/tutor.htm
 http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/C++/
 http://devcentral.iftech.com/articles/C++/default.php
 http://cprogramming.com/

C++ Books

Code:

Teach Yourself C++ In 21 Days
 http://newdata.box.sk/bx/c/
 http://omploader.org/vM2pxZg  (download)

 Thinking in C++ vol1/vol2 (Get these only if you have some previous programming experience)
 http://omploader.org/vM2pxYg
 http://omploader.org/vM2pxZQ

 Microsoft Visual C++ Beginners Guide
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/beginner/cc305129.aspx

 Various C++ books:
 http://www.itlibitum.ru/library/BOOK/ENGLISH/THEMES/CPP/index.html

Code:

http://www.youtube.com/antirtfm
 http://www.youtube.com/user/reconnetworks
 http://www mega upload com/?d=NFOEPSB3 
 http://www mega upload com/?d=F282CDHP

Code:

STL tutorial
 http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/

 Microsoft Visual C++ .NET tutorial
 http://www.functionx.com/vcnet/index.htm

This is just for a start. The thread will grow with time.
Will update occasionally with other useful tools, tutorials, ebooks.
If you have anything to add or change, feel free to comment.