A history lesson
A history lesson
People ignorant of the worlds history should keep reading, or if you want to flame people who don't know this. This is from a outline i personally wrote.
[IMG]http://i283.photobucke*****m/albums/kk306/Leonscookies/hist.png[/IMG]
WWI - Early Cold War
[ i have basically from prehistory, just not posting]
Call it KGB intelligence, if you have a sense of humor that is..
[IMG]http://i283.photobucke*****m/albums/kk306/Leonscookies/hist.png[/IMG]
WWI - Early Cold War
[ i have basically from prehistory, just not posting]
Call it KGB intelligence, if you have a sense of humor that is..
World War I: 1914 -1918
I. Origins of the First World War
A. Long term Causes
1. Imperialism: the global drive among world powers to acquire colonies
a. by 1910 most of Africa, Asia & the Pacific was Under European Domination
b. World powers began to fight with each other to expand their empires
2. Militarism: the process of greatly building up your armed forces
a. World powers built up their Armies and Navies to protect their global Empires
b. World powers spent a great deal of money in the effort to create the strongest and most advanced militaries
3. Nationalism: Extreme Pride in one’s country
a. Most world powers believed that their culture and their people were superior to all others.
b. This attitude made military rather than diplomatic solutions to problems more likely.
4. Alliances: The Coalition of groups of nations for the purposes of increasing security
a. Alliances frequently changed because most European nations did not trust each other.
b. European alliances were secret.
-individual nations were more likely to provoke war because they didn’t know how great the conflict would be.
-chances for conflict to spread through many nations quickly greatly increased.
B. Diplomatic Failures
1. Congress of Vienna Balance of Power Doctrine Upset by the Unification of Italy & Germany
2. Kaiser Wilhelm II
a. Ignored Bismarck’s policies geared toward isolating France
b. Began to distance Germany From Britain and Russia
c. Favored Schlieffen Plan in the event of a 2 front war (defeat france 1st)
C. The Spark that ignited the European Powder Keg
1. Ethnic Slavs in Serbia wanted independence from the Austro- Hungarian Empire.
2. Russia favored the interests of the Slavs.
3. Austria-Hungary did not want to grant Serbian independence
4. Serbian anarchists planned acts of violence against Austria-Hungary
5. The heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, went to Sarajevo, the capital of Serbia.
6. The purpose of the trip was to celebrate the Austrian conquest of Serbia.
7. Serbian anarchists (after several attempts) assassinated the archduke.
8. Austria-Hungary began to crack down on the Slavs in Serbia.
9. Russia began to mobilize for war against Austria-Hungary.
10. Austria-Hungary’s ally, Germany, declared war on Russia.
11. Germany invaded France, Russia’s Ally, in hopes that it wouldn’t have to fight a war on two fronts.
12. Britain declared war on Germany
13. The two sides in World war I were established.
a. Allies: Russia, France, Britain- strongest navy
b. Central Powers: Germany- strongest army, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
II. The War in Europe 1914-1917
A. Western Front (France)
1. Germany invaded France through neutral Belgium
a. Germany got within a few miles of Paris
b. many countries thought it was immoral (including the U.S.)
2. War collapsed into a stalemate in France
a. trench warfare
b. new weapons- machine gun, barbed wire, airplane, tank, submarines, land mines, poison gas
B. The Eastern Front
1. Russia invaded Austria-Hungary
2. Germans drove the Russians back deep into their own territory
3. Russian Revolution 1917
a. war effort drove people to starvation
b. Czar was overthrown
c. Communist Bolsheviks took over & withdrew Russia from war
III. Events Leading to U.S. involvement in World War I
A. American Neutrality 1914-1917
1. most believed it was a European problem- a war among imperial kings
2. economic opportunism led to problems- America wanted to trade with warring countries
B. Tensions between Germany and the U.S.
1. Britain established a naval blockade and Germany began to use its U- Boats to retaliate
2. Incidents increase tensions
a. Lusitania Incident 1915- Germany sank a British passenger liner and killed 128 Americans
b. Arabic Incident 1915- Germany sank another British passenger liner killing 2 Americans
c. Sussex Incident 1916- Germany sank a French passenger liner injuring 4 Americans (afterward Germany pledged to stop killing Americans in order to prevent the U.S. from joining the Allies in the war)
3. Success of British blockade drove Germany to renew unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917
4. German Zimmerman Telegram asked Mexico to invade the U.S. to prevent it from joining the Allies in Europe and infuriates America
5. German U-Boats sink Seven American merchant ships in March 1917
6. President Wilson gets Congress to declare war on April 2, 1917
a. Freedom of the seas must be maintained.
b. The world must be made safe for democracy.
c. This conflict should be a war to end all wars.
IV. World War I Concludes
A. Odds Favor Allies
1. Convoy system protected supply ships from German U-Boats.
2. General Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Force.
3. Last major German offensive halted in 1918 in France.
4. Last major Allied offensive in France in 1918 draws Germany to sue for an armistice.
5. Germany surrendered after making itself a republic on 11 a.m. 11/11/1918
V. The Treaty of Versailles
A. The European Allies wanted to punish Germany.
B. American President Wilson Came to the Negotiations with Fourteen Points.
1. Wilson wanted a lasting peace that would promote democracy.
2. Wilson had hoped that World War I would be the war to end all wars.
3. The Main ideas of the Fourteen Points.
-Self-determination: the right of a people to have control of their own country.
-Freedom of the Seas: the right of all nations to use and travel the oceans.
-Mandate System: Portions of the Middle East, formerly controlled by the Ottomans, would be divided up and temporarily governed by western powers.
-The League of Nations
*Wilson’s most important point
*organization that would be a place for nations of the world to negotiate peaceful solutions to problems
C. The final Draft of the Treaty
1. The French and English passed a treaty that punished Germany.
a. Germany was given full blame for the war
b. Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Germany were divided up into new countries.
c. A League of Nations was created, but it excluded the central Powers and Russia.
2. America Rejects the Treaty
1. President Wilson recognized that there was much wrong with the treaty, but felt that because it included the League of Nations, America should ratify it.
2. Many believed that the treaty was a betrayal of American ideals and that the League of nations (Article X) would bring the U.S. into future wars.
3. The Treaty was rejected, and America signed a separate peace with Germany.
I. Origins of the First World War
A. Long term Causes
1. Imperialism: the global drive among world powers to acquire colonies
a. by 1910 most of Africa, Asia & the Pacific was Under European Domination
b. World powers began to fight with each other to expand their empires
2. Militarism: the process of greatly building up your armed forces
a. World powers built up their Armies and Navies to protect their global Empires
b. World powers spent a great deal of money in the effort to create the strongest and most advanced militaries
3. Nationalism: Extreme Pride in one’s country
a. Most world powers believed that their culture and their people were superior to all others.
b. This attitude made military rather than diplomatic solutions to problems more likely.
4. Alliances: The Coalition of groups of nations for the purposes of increasing security
a. Alliances frequently changed because most European nations did not trust each other.
b. European alliances were secret.
-individual nations were more likely to provoke war because they didn’t know how great the conflict would be.
-chances for conflict to spread through many nations quickly greatly increased.
B. Diplomatic Failures
1. Congress of Vienna Balance of Power Doctrine Upset by the Unification of Italy & Germany
2. Kaiser Wilhelm II
a. Ignored Bismarck’s policies geared toward isolating France
b. Began to distance Germany From Britain and Russia
c. Favored Schlieffen Plan in the event of a 2 front war (defeat france 1st)
C. The Spark that ignited the European Powder Keg
1. Ethnic Slavs in Serbia wanted independence from the Austro- Hungarian Empire.
2. Russia favored the interests of the Slavs.
3. Austria-Hungary did not want to grant Serbian independence
4. Serbian anarchists planned acts of violence against Austria-Hungary
5. The heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, went to Sarajevo, the capital of Serbia.
6. The purpose of the trip was to celebrate the Austrian conquest of Serbia.
7. Serbian anarchists (after several attempts) assassinated the archduke.
8. Austria-Hungary began to crack down on the Slavs in Serbia.
9. Russia began to mobilize for war against Austria-Hungary.
10. Austria-Hungary’s ally, Germany, declared war on Russia.
11. Germany invaded France, Russia’s Ally, in hopes that it wouldn’t have to fight a war on two fronts.
12. Britain declared war on Germany
13. The two sides in World war I were established.
a. Allies: Russia, France, Britain- strongest navy
b. Central Powers: Germany- strongest army, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
II. The War in Europe 1914-1917
A. Western Front (France)
1. Germany invaded France through neutral Belgium
a. Germany got within a few miles of Paris
b. many countries thought it was immoral (including the U.S.)
2. War collapsed into a stalemate in France
a. trench warfare
b. new weapons- machine gun, barbed wire, airplane, tank, submarines, land mines, poison gas
B. The Eastern Front
1. Russia invaded Austria-Hungary
2. Germans drove the Russians back deep into their own territory
3. Russian Revolution 1917
a. war effort drove people to starvation
b. Czar was overthrown
c. Communist Bolsheviks took over & withdrew Russia from war
III. Events Leading to U.S. involvement in World War I
A. American Neutrality 1914-1917
1. most believed it was a European problem- a war among imperial kings
2. economic opportunism led to problems- America wanted to trade with warring countries
B. Tensions between Germany and the U.S.
1. Britain established a naval blockade and Germany began to use its U- Boats to retaliate
2. Incidents increase tensions
a. Lusitania Incident 1915- Germany sank a British passenger liner and killed 128 Americans
b. Arabic Incident 1915- Germany sank another British passenger liner killing 2 Americans
c. Sussex Incident 1916- Germany sank a French passenger liner injuring 4 Americans (afterward Germany pledged to stop killing Americans in order to prevent the U.S. from joining the Allies in the war)
3. Success of British blockade drove Germany to renew unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917
4. German Zimmerman Telegram asked Mexico to invade the U.S. to prevent it from joining the Allies in Europe and infuriates America
5. German U-Boats sink Seven American merchant ships in March 1917
6. President Wilson gets Congress to declare war on April 2, 1917
a. Freedom of the seas must be maintained.
b. The world must be made safe for democracy.
c. This conflict should be a war to end all wars.
IV. World War I Concludes
A. Odds Favor Allies
1. Convoy system protected supply ships from German U-Boats.
2. General Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Force.
3. Last major German offensive halted in 1918 in France.
4. Last major Allied offensive in France in 1918 draws Germany to sue for an armistice.
5. Germany surrendered after making itself a republic on 11 a.m. 11/11/1918
V. The Treaty of Versailles
A. The European Allies wanted to punish Germany.
B. American President Wilson Came to the Negotiations with Fourteen Points.
1. Wilson wanted a lasting peace that would promote democracy.
2. Wilson had hoped that World War I would be the war to end all wars.
3. The Main ideas of the Fourteen Points.
-Self-determination: the right of a people to have control of their own country.
-Freedom of the Seas: the right of all nations to use and travel the oceans.
-Mandate System: Portions of the Middle East, formerly controlled by the Ottomans, would be divided up and temporarily governed by western powers.
-The League of Nations
*Wilson’s most important point
*organization that would be a place for nations of the world to negotiate peaceful solutions to problems
C. The final Draft of the Treaty
1. The French and English passed a treaty that punished Germany.
a. Germany was given full blame for the war
b. Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Germany were divided up into new countries.
c. A League of Nations was created, but it excluded the central Powers and Russia.
2. America Rejects the Treaty
1. President Wilson recognized that there was much wrong with the treaty, but felt that because it included the League of Nations, America should ratify it.
2. Many believed that the treaty was a betrayal of American ideals and that the League of nations (Article X) would bring the U.S. into future wars.
3. The Treaty was rejected, and America signed a separate peace with Germany.
World War II, 1939-1945
I. Origins
A. Japanese Aggression
1. Japan invaded and occupied the northern Chinese province of Manchuria- 1931
2. Diplomatic protests against Japan’s violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact and Washington and London Naval Conferences were
ignored and Japan withdrew from the League of Nations
3. Japan resumed its invasion of China- 1937
4. Japan joined the Axis in 1940 and gained French Asian colonies
B. Italian Aggression
1. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) was invaded in 1935
a. No help came despite pleas from the Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie to the League of Nations
b. Ethiopia fell in 1936
2. Italy sent troops to support Nationalist Dictator Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War 1936
3. Italy and Germany form the Axis Alliance in 1936
4. Italy took over Albania in 1939 in preparation for an invasion of Greece
C. German Aggression
1. remilitarized the Rhineland- 1936
2. Germany sent troops to support Nationalist Dictator Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War 1936
3. united with Austria in the Anschluss- 1938
4. Germany conquered Czechoslovakia- 1939
a. Germany Occupied Sudetenland
b. Hitler appeased in the Munich Pact 1938
-Nations were concerned with German expansionism
-Hitler was appeased and allowed to keep the Czech borderlands
-Hitler promised to stop
-Prime Minister Chamberlain returned to London proclaiming he had brought “peace in our time”
c. Germany conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia as part of Lebensraum
5. Poland
a. Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939
-promised Russian neutrality in the event of war over Poland- gave Russia eastern Poland and a free hand in Finland and the Baltic States
b. Germany began demanding control of the “Polish Corridor” which separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany
c. Britain and France pledged to go to war if Germany invaded Poland
d. Germany invaded Poland 9-1-1939 and France and Britain declared war
D. The U.S. population remained isolationist while President Franklin Roosevelt was sympathetic to the European democracies
II. Axis Ascendant 1939-1942
A. The German Blitz
1. Poland falls in September 1939
2. Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium fall in April 1940
3. France
a. Massive fortifications were build along the French/German border in the interwar years (Maginot Line)
b. Germans invade France through Belgium (again) and are victorious 2 months
c. Many allied troops are saved by the British rescue at Dunkirk
B. The Battle of Britain 1940-1
1. Germany attempted to bomb Britain into submission
2. Through sheer determination and the inspiring leadership of Prime Minister Winston Churchill Britain held up against the German onslaught
C. Germany invaded the USSR in 1941
1. Britain seemed on the verge of defeat
2. Germany broke the Non-Aggression Pact
3. Germany launched a surprise attack against the Soviet Union
4. the USSR was caught completely off guard
5. German forces plunged deep into Russian territory
D. Japan reaped the rewards of the Axis Alliance
III. America Declares War
A. Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
1. America continually restricted trade with resource hungry Japan as it took increasingly aggressive actions in Asia.
2. Japan believed its conflict of interests with the U.S. would eventually reach the breaking point.
IV. Allies Turn the Tide 1942-1945
-Turning Point in the Pacific: “Miracle at Midway” June 1942
A. Commander of Allied forces in the Pacific U.S. General Douglas McArthur oversees island hopping campaign that drives back Japanese advances 1942-1945
-Turning Point in North Africa: Battle of El Alamein November 1942
-Turning Point on Eastern Front in Europe: Battle of Stalingrad Soviet Victory Feb-1943
-Turning Point in Southern Europe: Italy Surrenders September 3, 1943
B. Commander of the Allied forces in Europe U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower initiates liberation of Western Europe from German control in Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944
-Germany Surrenders (VE DAY) May 8,1945
C. FDR’s successor President Truman orders the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 1945
-Japan Surrendered (VJ Day) September 2, 1945
V. Holocaust Revealed 1944-5
A. As Allied forces advance in Europe German evidence of German genocide campaigns are revealed
B. Causes
1. Hitler and the Nazi Party believed in the superiority of the Aryan (“master”) race
2. Final Solution- extermination of Jews, Gypsies, and Communists in gas chambers in death camps
VI. Impacts of World War II
A. European powers loose empires
1. Axis occupations rescinded
2. Allied colonies begin to push for independence
B. New global balance of power becomes bi-polar (U.S. & USSR)
C. War Crimes Trials
1. Nazis Tried at Nuremburg
2. Japanese Tried at Tokyo
D. United Nations established
E. Reconstruction Plans
1. Japan
a. General McArthur oversaw U.S. occupation
b. U.S. style democratic government established
c. Japanese military disbanded in return for U.S. protection
2. Germany
a. Western allies set up democratic government in Western Germany
b. Soviets maintain occupation of Eastern Germany and Europe and set up communist governments
c. German capital Berlin divided also
d. U.S. aid program set up by General Marshall pours money into western European democracies
I. Origins
A. Japanese Aggression
1. Japan invaded and occupied the northern Chinese province of Manchuria- 1931
2. Diplomatic protests against Japan’s violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact and Washington and London Naval Conferences were
ignored and Japan withdrew from the League of Nations
3. Japan resumed its invasion of China- 1937
4. Japan joined the Axis in 1940 and gained French Asian colonies
B. Italian Aggression
1. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) was invaded in 1935
a. No help came despite pleas from the Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie to the League of Nations
b. Ethiopia fell in 1936
2. Italy sent troops to support Nationalist Dictator Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War 1936
3. Italy and Germany form the Axis Alliance in 1936
4. Italy took over Albania in 1939 in preparation for an invasion of Greece
C. German Aggression
1. remilitarized the Rhineland- 1936
2. Germany sent troops to support Nationalist Dictator Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War 1936
3. united with Austria in the Anschluss- 1938
4. Germany conquered Czechoslovakia- 1939
a. Germany Occupied Sudetenland
b. Hitler appeased in the Munich Pact 1938
-Nations were concerned with German expansionism
-Hitler was appeased and allowed to keep the Czech borderlands
-Hitler promised to stop
-Prime Minister Chamberlain returned to London proclaiming he had brought “peace in our time”
c. Germany conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia as part of Lebensraum
5. Poland
a. Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939
-promised Russian neutrality in the event of war over Poland- gave Russia eastern Poland and a free hand in Finland and the Baltic States
b. Germany began demanding control of the “Polish Corridor” which separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany
c. Britain and France pledged to go to war if Germany invaded Poland
d. Germany invaded Poland 9-1-1939 and France and Britain declared war
D. The U.S. population remained isolationist while President Franklin Roosevelt was sympathetic to the European democracies
II. Axis Ascendant 1939-1942
A. The German Blitz
1. Poland falls in September 1939
2. Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium fall in April 1940
3. France
a. Massive fortifications were build along the French/German border in the interwar years (Maginot Line)
b. Germans invade France through Belgium (again) and are victorious 2 months
c. Many allied troops are saved by the British rescue at Dunkirk
B. The Battle of Britain 1940-1
1. Germany attempted to bomb Britain into submission
2. Through sheer determination and the inspiring leadership of Prime Minister Winston Churchill Britain held up against the German onslaught
C. Germany invaded the USSR in 1941
1. Britain seemed on the verge of defeat
2. Germany broke the Non-Aggression Pact
3. Germany launched a surprise attack against the Soviet Union
4. the USSR was caught completely off guard
5. German forces plunged deep into Russian territory
D. Japan reaped the rewards of the Axis Alliance
III. America Declares War
A. Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
1. America continually restricted trade with resource hungry Japan as it took increasingly aggressive actions in Asia.
2. Japan believed its conflict of interests with the U.S. would eventually reach the breaking point.
IV. Allies Turn the Tide 1942-1945
-Turning Point in the Pacific: “Miracle at Midway” June 1942
A. Commander of Allied forces in the Pacific U.S. General Douglas McArthur oversees island hopping campaign that drives back Japanese advances 1942-1945
-Turning Point in North Africa: Battle of El Alamein November 1942
-Turning Point on Eastern Front in Europe: Battle of Stalingrad Soviet Victory Feb-1943
-Turning Point in Southern Europe: Italy Surrenders September 3, 1943
B. Commander of the Allied forces in Europe U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower initiates liberation of Western Europe from German control in Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944
-Germany Surrenders (VE DAY) May 8,1945
C. FDR’s successor President Truman orders the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 1945
-Japan Surrendered (VJ Day) September 2, 1945
V. Holocaust Revealed 1944-5
A. As Allied forces advance in Europe German evidence of German genocide campaigns are revealed
B. Causes
1. Hitler and the Nazi Party believed in the superiority of the Aryan (“master”) race
2. Final Solution- extermination of Jews, Gypsies, and Communists in gas chambers in death camps
VI. Impacts of World War II
A. European powers loose empires
1. Axis occupations rescinded
2. Allied colonies begin to push for independence
B. New global balance of power becomes bi-polar (U.S. & USSR)
C. War Crimes Trials
1. Nazis Tried at Nuremburg
2. Japanese Tried at Tokyo
D. United Nations established
E. Reconstruction Plans
1. Japan
a. General McArthur oversaw U.S. occupation
b. U.S. style democratic government established
c. Japanese military disbanded in return for U.S. protection
2. Germany
a. Western allies set up democratic government in Western Germany
b. Soviets maintain occupation of Eastern Germany and Europe and set up communist governments
c. German capital Berlin divided also
d. U.S. aid program set up by General Marshall pours money into western European democracies
The Cold War, 1945-1991
I. Causes
A. Historic Tensions
B. Yalta Conference
1. Allied meeting to discuss post-war plans
2. Different Goals
a. USSR priority was security
b. U.S. priority was economic prosperity
C. Different Ideologies
1. government
a. Communism
b. Democracy
2. economy
a. Command Economy
b. Free Market
II. Early Events 1945-1953
A. Formation of Eastern Block- Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, East Germany, Czechoslovakia
B. “Iron Curtain”
1. coined by Winston Churchill
2. divided Western Democracies & Eastern Communist States in Europe
C. Truman Doctrine
1. outlined policy of Containment
2. designed to prevent the spread of Communism
D. Marshall Plan
1. purpose was to provide money for the reconstruction of Europe
2. perceived by the Soviets as an attempt to expand U.S. influence in Europe
E. Berlin Blockade
1. Stalin wanted West Berlin to be absorbed by East Germany
2. Western Allies responded with and airlift
F. Nuclear Arms Race
1. U.S. developed A-Bomb in 1945
2. USSR developed A-Bomb in 1949
III. Cold War Alliances
A. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
1. purpose was to unify North American and European democracies against Soviet threats
2. members included the U.S., Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, West Germany, Spain
B. Warsaw Pact
1. purpose was to unify Eastern European Communist states against NATO
2. members included USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania
IV. China
A. Civil War 1927 to 1949
1. U.S. supported Nationalists led by Chang Kai- shek (Jaing Jeishi)
2. Communists led by Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
3. Mao & the Communist were victorious
4. Nationalists retreat and occupy Taiwan
5. U.S. refused to diplomatically recognize the People’s Republic of China
B. People’s Republic of China
1. now the largest nation and the most populous nation in the world were Communist
2. China and Russia remained rivals
V. Korean Conflict 1948 to 1953
A. Korea was divided after World War II
1. U.S. set up a western government in the South
2. Soviets set up a Communist government in the N
B. North Korea invaded South Korea
C. U.S. led forces of the United Nations against DPRK
1. General Douglas McArthur
a. saved S. Korea from capitulation
b. wanted to bomb China with nuclear weapons and invade
2. President Truman
a. McArthur was dismissed
b. presidency was ruined
D. President Eisenhower negotiated a ceasefire in 1953
VI. The Khrushchev Era
A. Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union
B. Escalation of the Nuclear Arms Race
1. U.S. & USSR competed to build up bigger arsenals of nuclear weapons
2. Hydrogen Bomb
a. development
-U.S. 1952
-USSR 1953
b. power
-10,400 Kilotons of TNT
-520x Nagasaki explosion
2. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
a. initiated by President Eisenhower’s Secretary of State Dulles
b. proceeded under the notion that neither side would use nuclear weapons if both had enough to destroy the planet (Deterrence and Brinkmanship)
3. Space Race
a. USSR launches Sputnik 1957
-1st space satellite
-demonstrates limitless soviet nuclear launch capability (ICBMs)
-terrorizes U.S. into boosting its own program NASA through education and planned lunar landings
4. Tsar Bomba
-1961 USSR tested largest weapon in history
-50,000 Kilotons of TNT (2,500x Nagasaki)
-destructive power of 5,000 miles
-30,000 of these bombs could destroy the planet
-U.S. had 31,000 in 1960 the USSR had 41,000 in 1988
C. Berlin Wall 1961
1. Soviets constructed to intimidate new young inexperienced President Kennedy
2. Became a symbol of Soviet oppression in Eastern Europe (“Ich bin ein Berliner”)
D. Cuba
1. Revolution
a. Castro led a rebellion against the U.S. supported dictator Batista
b. U.S. placed an embargo against the Castro government when major industries were nationalized
c. Castro turned to the USSR for support
2. Missile Crisis 1962
a. Kennedy authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 to topple the Communist Castro regime which was a disastrous failure
b. USSR began construction of Nuclear silos
c. U.S. U2 spy planes discovered the construction and Kennedy ordered the navy to quarantine the island
d. Soviet ships threatened to break the quarantine
e. while the world stood at the precipice of nuclear war secret negotiations proceeded between Kennedy and Khrushchev
-Soviets agreed to withdraw weapons
-U.S. promised never to invade Cuba and withdrew nuclear weapons from Turkey
E. Vietnam
1. France
a. colonized Southeast Asia (Indochina) 1883
b. tried to reestablish control of the region after World War II
c. withdrew forces after the devastating defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954
2. Ho Chi Minh
a. unsuccessfully petitioned the allies to give Vietnam independence after World War I
b. embraced communism in reaction to Western colonial imperialism
c. led the Vietminh independence movement from 1941 until his death in 1969
3. U.S. involvement 1954-1973
a. Vietnam was divided between a communist north and U.S. supported south
b. U.S. feared regional spread of Communism (Domino Theory)
c. U.S. President Eisenhower committed advisors to the South Korean Military
d. President Kennedy committed money and U.S. troops to help the South Vietnamese military
e. President Johnson tried to fight a limited war through stages of escalation
f. President Nixon
-Promised to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam
-secretly expanded the war to Cambodia
-initiated Vietnamization plan to replace U.S. troops with South Vietnamese
-“Peace with Honor” declared in 1973
-Communist forces overran South Vietnam by 1975
VII. End of the Cold War 1989-1991
A. President Reagan revived the intense arms race with the USSR with increased U.S. defense spending
B. Premier Gorbachev of the USSR began to initiate reforms that angered old hard line Communists
C. Reformer Yeltsin of the USSR prevented a coup by the hard liners and was elected leader of Russia
D. Russian troops withdrew from East Germany
1. Berlin Wall was destroyed
2. Germany began the process of reunification
E. Russia became a democratic republic under Yeltsin’s leadership in 1991
I. Causes
A. Historic Tensions
B. Yalta Conference
1. Allied meeting to discuss post-war plans
2. Different Goals
a. USSR priority was security
b. U.S. priority was economic prosperity
C. Different Ideologies
1. government
a. Communism
b. Democracy
2. economy
a. Command Economy
b. Free Market
II. Early Events 1945-1953
A. Formation of Eastern Block- Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, East Germany, Czechoslovakia
B. “Iron Curtain”
1. coined by Winston Churchill
2. divided Western Democracies & Eastern Communist States in Europe
C. Truman Doctrine
1. outlined policy of Containment
2. designed to prevent the spread of Communism
D. Marshall Plan
1. purpose was to provide money for the reconstruction of Europe
2. perceived by the Soviets as an attempt to expand U.S. influence in Europe
E. Berlin Blockade
1. Stalin wanted West Berlin to be absorbed by East Germany
2. Western Allies responded with and airlift
F. Nuclear Arms Race
1. U.S. developed A-Bomb in 1945
2. USSR developed A-Bomb in 1949
III. Cold War Alliances
A. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
1. purpose was to unify North American and European democracies against Soviet threats
2. members included the U.S., Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, West Germany, Spain
B. Warsaw Pact
1. purpose was to unify Eastern European Communist states against NATO
2. members included USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania
IV. China
A. Civil War 1927 to 1949
1. U.S. supported Nationalists led by Chang Kai- shek (Jaing Jeishi)
2. Communists led by Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
3. Mao & the Communist were victorious
4. Nationalists retreat and occupy Taiwan
5. U.S. refused to diplomatically recognize the People’s Republic of China
B. People’s Republic of China
1. now the largest nation and the most populous nation in the world were Communist
2. China and Russia remained rivals
V. Korean Conflict 1948 to 1953
A. Korea was divided after World War II
1. U.S. set up a western government in the South
2. Soviets set up a Communist government in the N
B. North Korea invaded South Korea
C. U.S. led forces of the United Nations against DPRK
1. General Douglas McArthur
a. saved S. Korea from capitulation
b. wanted to bomb China with nuclear weapons and invade
2. President Truman
a. McArthur was dismissed
b. presidency was ruined
D. President Eisenhower negotiated a ceasefire in 1953
VI. The Khrushchev Era
A. Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union
B. Escalation of the Nuclear Arms Race
1. U.S. & USSR competed to build up bigger arsenals of nuclear weapons
2. Hydrogen Bomb
a. development
-U.S. 1952
-USSR 1953
b. power
-10,400 Kilotons of TNT
-520x Nagasaki explosion
2. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
a. initiated by President Eisenhower’s Secretary of State Dulles
b. proceeded under the notion that neither side would use nuclear weapons if both had enough to destroy the planet (Deterrence and Brinkmanship)
3. Space Race
a. USSR launches Sputnik 1957
-1st space satellite
-demonstrates limitless soviet nuclear launch capability (ICBMs)
-terrorizes U.S. into boosting its own program NASA through education and planned lunar landings
4. Tsar Bomba
-1961 USSR tested largest weapon in history
-50,000 Kilotons of TNT (2,500x Nagasaki)
-destructive power of 5,000 miles
-30,000 of these bombs could destroy the planet
-U.S. had 31,000 in 1960 the USSR had 41,000 in 1988
C. Berlin Wall 1961
1. Soviets constructed to intimidate new young inexperienced President Kennedy
2. Became a symbol of Soviet oppression in Eastern Europe (“Ich bin ein Berliner”)
D. Cuba
1. Revolution
a. Castro led a rebellion against the U.S. supported dictator Batista
b. U.S. placed an embargo against the Castro government when major industries were nationalized
c. Castro turned to the USSR for support
2. Missile Crisis 1962
a. Kennedy authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 to topple the Communist Castro regime which was a disastrous failure
b. USSR began construction of Nuclear silos
c. U.S. U2 spy planes discovered the construction and Kennedy ordered the navy to quarantine the island
d. Soviet ships threatened to break the quarantine
e. while the world stood at the precipice of nuclear war secret negotiations proceeded between Kennedy and Khrushchev
-Soviets agreed to withdraw weapons
-U.S. promised never to invade Cuba and withdrew nuclear weapons from Turkey
E. Vietnam
1. France
a. colonized Southeast Asia (Indochina) 1883
b. tried to reestablish control of the region after World War II
c. withdrew forces after the devastating defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954
2. Ho Chi Minh
a. unsuccessfully petitioned the allies to give Vietnam independence after World War I
b. embraced communism in reaction to Western colonial imperialism
c. led the Vietminh independence movement from 1941 until his death in 1969
3. U.S. involvement 1954-1973
a. Vietnam was divided between a communist north and U.S. supported south
b. U.S. feared regional spread of Communism (Domino Theory)
c. U.S. President Eisenhower committed advisors to the South Korean Military
d. President Kennedy committed money and U.S. troops to help the South Vietnamese military
e. President Johnson tried to fight a limited war through stages of escalation
f. President Nixon
-Promised to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam
-secretly expanded the war to Cambodia
-initiated Vietnamization plan to replace U.S. troops with South Vietnamese
-“Peace with Honor” declared in 1973
-Communist forces overran South Vietnam by 1975
VII. End of the Cold War 1989-1991
A. President Reagan revived the intense arms race with the USSR with increased U.S. defense spending
B. Premier Gorbachev of the USSR began to initiate reforms that angered old hard line Communists
C. Reformer Yeltsin of the USSR prevented a coup by the hard liners and was elected leader of Russia
D. Russian troops withdrew from East Germany
1. Berlin Wall was destroyed
2. Germany began the process of reunification
E. Russia became a democratic republic under Yeltsin’s leadership in 1991
Enjoy your new knowledge, I hope this is the right section.
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Originally Posted by tednugent
